Diagnosis of a car engine by candlelight
All motorists, from beginners to professionals, they know a lot about the device of the car and its capabilities, but sometimes the most seemingly insignificant detail is not overlooked. For example, the spark plugs. But the most important part run the car, because they serve the spark that started the engine.
Spark plugs can tell a lot motorist. For example, on the engine or its parts. We must not forget that in winter, candles behave differently than in summer because in winter the engine requires a certain temperature to start, so the car is running a little longer than usual. Because of this, some motorists, driving 50-100 miles pulling out the candles, and seeing the black soot on the end, just buy a new or driven a car to a mechanics that is itself wrong.
But at cold start uses more fuel and oil, especially if oil have not changed then this carbon consequence of old oil. It may also be due to breakdown in high voltage wiring. On the new pure candlelight better to go on a long train before the diagnosis of a car engine to spark, if not possible, you should pass on them no less than 250 kilometers. And only after this diagnosis and to consult specialists.
The diagnosis of motor vehicle by candlelight
After a motorist drove a certain mileage, you can look at a candle to determine what the car problem that needs to be replaced or maybe nothing to worry. There are several criteria that can identify problems at different levels.
The first is that if you turn out a candle after a run of at least 300 miles and take a look at an electrode feed the spark, and if he has a light brown color, then the car is all right and for its internal state does not need to worry, it is in excellent condition. Especially good in this vehicle fuel consumption and no need to top up the oil to be replaced.
The second criterion is if after the same path at wringing candles present velvety-black plaque, which is deposited on the electrode due to improper installation regulation of the carburetor or air filter or clogged due to the clogging of air filter.
The third criterion for diagnosing a car engine by candlelight, many experts believe the worst, which raises the motorist on the problem in an air-fuel mixture. When unscrewing the candle color of the electrode takes color from light gray to white. This leads to additional loads of candles, the exhaust valves and combustion chamber. This can lead to overheating of the chamber and damage the exhaust valves. In this case, a motorist is better to turn in car, because this problem should deserve much attention.
The following criteria also deserves much attention, because a red tint, which remains on the candle shows that, in the fuel which passes through the carburetor, there are numerous impurities, especially iron, which is deposited on the insulation. Thus, the candle ceases to function. Need to clean the engine, which will cost no small means. Therefore, it is better to drain the oil and pour a new one. This procedure is repeated several times. This will prolong the life of not only candles but also the engine.
The fifth criterion in the diagnosis of a car engine to spark evidence of excessive oil waste. Sign by which it will be possible to determine - it clearly shows the presence of oil on the spark plug threads. This will be followed by a longer running machine, white and blue exhaust and "triplets". But with heating work will stabilize. In this case, you should check the work maslootrazhatelnyh caps, because their work could be compromised.
Sixth sign is when the spark plug, which pronounced the layers of oil and unburned fuel indicates the destruction of the valve or septum between the piston rings in contact with iron parts between the valve and its seat comes into disrepair. In this case, without the help of specialists from around because repair is already inevitable. In this case, "MAKING" will be permanent and will increase fuel consumption up to two times.
The seventh criterion for diagnosis of a car engine on candles is not the suitability of candles because of the broken electrode and ceramics. This could contribute to unsuitable work candle, that is her marriage or long knock, followed by the engine. With luck, if the particles are destroyed proskochat candles in the exhaust system and then not have to repair the cylinder head.
The latter criterion leads to melting of the electrode spark plugs. This occurs during the combustion of oil, which form the oil scraper rings. The main sign of wonder - it's an unpleasant smell the exhaust is blue with a strong added gas.
Best spark plugs changed at run of about 30 thousand kilometers, fully-serviceable engine. But forget diagnose the candles do not need. Approximately every 10,000 miles is necessary to check their condition, to swap, because the temperature on each candle is different. You can also change the candles on the season, that is, the departure of winter and summer to buy a new departure for them all-zero temperature. We hope you will help our article and you'll be able to diagnose a car engine by candlelight.
credit :: http://all-automoto.ru
Diagnosis The charging system requires little maintenance. The battery should
and Testing be fully charged and connections kept clean and tight.
Diagnosis of charging system problems is typically straightforward. Problems may be electrical or mechanical.
The troubleshooting flow diagram on the next page lists the most common charging system problems, the possible cause, and
recommended actions to resolve the problem.
Begin with a thorough visual inspection. If this fails to turn up the
possible cause, several tests are available to help you find the problem:
• Alternator output test (no load)
• Alternator output test (with load)
• Voltage drop tests
• Charging current relay test
• Diode tests
The Gear Reduction starter is a compact
lightweight unit with high torque capacity.
The reduction gear is mounted on the same shaft as the pinion gear. Unlike the conventional starter, the magnetic switch plunger acts
directly on the pinion gear (not through a drive lever) to push the gear into mesh with the ring gear.
This type of starter was first used on the 1973 Corona MKII with the
4M, six cylinder engine. It is now used on most 1975 and newer
Toyotas. Ratings range from 0.8 KW on most Tercels and some older
models to as high as 2.5 KW on the diesel Corolla, Camry and Truck.
The cold−weather package calls for a 1.4 KW or 1.6 KW starter, while a
1.0 KW starter is common on other models.
The gear−reduction starter is the replacement starter for most conventional starters.
Clutch Operation:
1. During engine start, the starter pinion gear drives the engine’s
flywheel ring gear.
2. Once the engine fires, the ring gear almost instantly begins to turn
faster than the starter pinion gear. Over−speeding would damage
the starter motor if it were not immediately disengaged from the
pinion gear.
3. The clutch uses its wedged rollers and springs to disengage the
pinion shaft from the clutch housing (which turns with the motor
armature). This happens any time the pinion shaft tries to turn
faster than the clutch housing.
Ignition switch in ON:
1. Current no longer present at terminal 50," but the main switch
remains closed to allow current from terminal C" through the pull−in coil to the hold−in coil.
2. The magnetic fields in the two coils cancel each other, and the
plunger is pulled back by the return spring.
3. The high current to the motor is cut off and the pinion gear
disengages from the ring gear.
4. The armature has less inertia than the one in a conventional
starter. Friction stops it, so a brake is not needed.
Starter Motors - Construction
Armature coil wires − The coil wires in a PS starter armature are
square in cross−section.
• More compact winding than round cross−section wires
• Greater output torque
Surface commutator − The square shape of the armature conductors
allow the surface of the armature to act as a commutator.
Field coils − Conventional starters use field coils. PS type starters use
two types of permanent magnets instead:
• Main magnets
• Inter−polar magnets
The two types of magnets are arranged alternately inside the yoke.
• Work together to increase magnetic flux
• Allows shorter yoke
lightweight unit with high torque capacity.
The reduction gear is mounted on the same shaft as the pinion gear. Unlike the conventional starter, the magnetic switch plunger acts
directly on the pinion gear (not through a drive lever) to push the gear into mesh with the ring gear.
This type of starter was first used on the 1973 Corona MKII with the
4M, six cylinder engine. It is now used on most 1975 and newer
Toyotas. Ratings range from 0.8 KW on most Tercels and some older
models to as high as 2.5 KW on the diesel Corolla, Camry and Truck.
The cold−weather package calls for a 1.4 KW or 1.6 KW starter, while a
1.0 KW starter is common on other models.
The gear−reduction starter is the replacement starter for most conventional starters.
Clutch Operation:
1. During engine start, the starter pinion gear drives the engine’s
flywheel ring gear.
2. Once the engine fires, the ring gear almost instantly begins to turn
faster than the starter pinion gear. Over−speeding would damage
the starter motor if it were not immediately disengaged from the
pinion gear.
3. The clutch uses its wedged rollers and springs to disengage the
pinion shaft from the clutch housing (which turns with the motor
armature). This happens any time the pinion shaft tries to turn
faster than the clutch housing.
Ignition switch in ON:
1. Current no longer present at terminal 50," but the main switch
remains closed to allow current from terminal C" through the pull−in coil to the hold−in coil.
2. The magnetic fields in the two coils cancel each other, and the
plunger is pulled back by the return spring.
3. The high current to the motor is cut off and the pinion gear
disengages from the ring gear.
4. The armature has less inertia than the one in a conventional
starter. Friction stops it, so a brake is not needed.
Starter Motors - Construction
Armature coil wires − The coil wires in a PS starter armature are
square in cross−section.
• More compact winding than round cross−section wires
• Greater output torque
Surface commutator − The square shape of the armature conductors
allow the surface of the armature to act as a commutator.
Field coils − Conventional starters use field coils. PS type starters use
two types of permanent magnets instead:
• Main magnets
• Inter−polar magnets
The two types of magnets are arranged alternately inside the yoke.
• Work together to increase magnetic flux
• Allows shorter yoke
Fuel Pump
The fuel pump is mounted in the tank and immersed in fuel. The fuel cools and lubricates the pump. When current flows through the motor, the armature and impeller rotate. The impeller draws fuel in through a filter and discharges pressurized fuel through the outlet port. The fuel pump's pumping capacity is designed to exceed engine requirements. This insures that there will always be enough fuel to meet engine demands.
An outlet check valve, located in the discharge outlet, maintains a residual fuel pressure in the fuel system when the engine is off. This improves starting characteristics and reduces vapor-lock. Without residual fuel pressure, the system would have to be pressurized each time the engine was started and this would increase engine starting (cranking) time. When a hot engine
is shut off, fuel temperature in the lines around the engine increases. Keeping the system pressurized increases the boiling point of the fuel and prevents the fuel from vaporizing. A pressure relief valve will open if the fuel system becomes restricted. This is a safety device to prevent the fuel lines from rupturing and damage to the pump.
Jet Pump
The jet pump is an additional pump used when the fuel tank bottom is divided into two
chambers. Excess fuel flowing through the fuel return passes through a venturi. This creates a low pressure area around the venturi, and this action will draw the fuel out of Chamber B, and sends it into Chamber A
ON/OFF Control by Fuel Pump Switch
The fuel pump switch is found on older vehicles using a Vane Air Flow Meter. The air moves the vane when the engine is running closing the fuel pump switch. The following is an explanation of circuit operation.
Engine Start
When the engine is cranking, current flows from the IG terminal of the ignition switch to the L1 coil of the EFI main relay, turning the relay on. Current also flows from the ST terminal of the ignition switch to the L3 coil of the circuit-opening relay, turning it on to operate the fuel pump. After the engine starts, the cylinders begin drawing in air, causing the measuring plate inside the air flow meter to open. This turns on the fuel pump switch, which is connected to the
measuring plate, and current flows to the L2 coil of the circuit-opening relay.
Engine Running
After the engine starts and the ignition switch is turned from ST back to IG, current flowing to the L3 coil of the circuit-opening relay is cut off. However, current continues to flow to the L2 coil while the engine is running due to the fuel pump switch inside the air flow meter being on. As a result, the circuit-opening relay stays on, allowing the fuel pump to continue operating.
Engine Stopped
When the engine stops, the measuring plate completely closes and the fuel pump switch is turned off. This cuts off the flow of current to the L2 coil of the circuit-opening relay. As a result, the circuit-opening relay goes off and the fuel pump stops operating.
Two Speed Fuel Pump Control
Large displacement engines require a higher volume of fuel during starting and heavy load conditions than small displacement engines. High capacity fuel pumps are used to meet the demand, but they produce more noise and consume more power. To overcome these
disadvantages and increase pump life, a two speed fuel pump control is used.
Atmospheric Modulated Pressure Regulator
The atmospheric modulated pressure regulator modifies fuel pressure with changes in
atmospheric pressure. A hose is connected from the pressure regulator to the air intake hose
between the air filter and throttle plate. Spring pressure and atmospheric pressure keep the
fuel pressure at a constant value, 226-265 kPa (38-44 psi). As air pressure changes, such as
climbing from low to high altitude, fuel rail pressure decreases because there is less force on
the diaphragm
High Temperature (Pressure Up) Fuel Pressure Control
Some engines are equipped with a high temperature fuel pressure control to prevent vapor lock for easier starting and better driveability. A three way VSV is connected to the fuel pressure
regulator vacuum line. Under normal conditions, the VSV is off and engine vacuum regulates the pressure regulator. If the engine is started when the coolant temperature is 85'C (185'F) or higher and the intake air temperature is above predetermined level, the ECM will turn on the VSV. Engine vacuum is closed off and atmospheric pressure is applied to the pressure
regulator diaphragm. This increases fuel pressure preventing vapor lock. Once the engine is started, the VSV may remain on for about 120 seconds.
Fuel Filters
Typically, there are two fuel filters in the fuel delivery system. The first filter is the fuel pump filter located on the suction side of the fuel pump. This filter prevents debris from damaging the fuel pump. The second filter, located between the pump and fuel rail, removes dirt and
contaminates from the fuel before it is delivered to the injectors. This filter removes extremely small particles from the fuel, the injectors require extremely clean fuel.
The filter may be located in the fuel tank as part of the fuel pump assembly or outside the tank in the fuel line leading to the fuel rail. The filter is designed to be maintenance-free with no required service replacement
Pulsation Damper
The rapid opening and closing of the fuel injectors cause pressure fluctuations in the fuel rail. The result is that the amount of injected fuel will be more or less than the desired amount.
Mounted on the fuel rail, the pulsation damper reduces these pressure fluctuations. When pressure suddenly begins to increase the spring loaded diaphragm retracts slightly increasing fuel rail volume. This will momentarily prevent fuel pressure from becoming too high. When pressure suddenly begins to drop, the spring loaded diaphragm extends, slightly decreasing effective fuel rail volume. This will momentarily prevent fuel pressure from becoming too low. Not all engines require the use of a pulsation damper.
The screw mounted at the top of the damper provides an easy check for fuel system pressure.
When the screw is up it means the fuel rail is pressurized. Under most conditions, this check is adequate. The screw is nonadjustable and it is used to calibrate the damper at the factory.
Fuel Injection Operation
The fuel injector, when turned on by the ECM, atomizes and directs fuel into the intake manifold.
Fuel Injectors
There is one injector per cylinder mounted in the intake manifold before the intake valve(s). The
injectors are installed with an insulator/seal on the manifold end to insulate the injector from
heat and prevent atmospheric pressure from leaking into the manifold. The fuel delivery pipe
secures the injector. An O-ring between the delivery pipe and injector prevents the fuel from
leaking.
Different engines require different injectors. Injectors designed to pass a specified amount of fuel when opened. In addition, the number of holes at the tip of the injector varies with engines and model years. When replacing an injector it is critical that the correct injector be use.
The fuel pump is mounted in the tank and immersed in fuel. The fuel cools and lubricates the pump. When current flows through the motor, the armature and impeller rotate. The impeller draws fuel in through a filter and discharges pressurized fuel through the outlet port. The fuel pump's pumping capacity is designed to exceed engine requirements. This insures that there will always be enough fuel to meet engine demands.
An outlet check valve, located in the discharge outlet, maintains a residual fuel pressure in the fuel system when the engine is off. This improves starting characteristics and reduces vapor-lock. Without residual fuel pressure, the system would have to be pressurized each time the engine was started and this would increase engine starting (cranking) time. When a hot engine
is shut off, fuel temperature in the lines around the engine increases. Keeping the system pressurized increases the boiling point of the fuel and prevents the fuel from vaporizing. A pressure relief valve will open if the fuel system becomes restricted. This is a safety device to prevent the fuel lines from rupturing and damage to the pump.
Jet Pump
The jet pump is an additional pump used when the fuel tank bottom is divided into two
chambers. Excess fuel flowing through the fuel return passes through a venturi. This creates a low pressure area around the venturi, and this action will draw the fuel out of Chamber B, and sends it into Chamber A
ON/OFF Control by Fuel Pump Switch The fuel pump switch is found on older vehicles using a Vane Air Flow Meter. The air moves the vane when the engine is running closing the fuel pump switch. The following is an explanation of circuit operation.
Engine Start
When the engine is cranking, current flows from the IG terminal of the ignition switch to the L1 coil of the EFI main relay, turning the relay on. Current also flows from the ST terminal of the ignition switch to the L3 coil of the circuit-opening relay, turning it on to operate the fuel pump. After the engine starts, the cylinders begin drawing in air, causing the measuring plate inside the air flow meter to open. This turns on the fuel pump switch, which is connected to the
measuring plate, and current flows to the L2 coil of the circuit-opening relay.
Engine Running
After the engine starts and the ignition switch is turned from ST back to IG, current flowing to the L3 coil of the circuit-opening relay is cut off. However, current continues to flow to the L2 coil while the engine is running due to the fuel pump switch inside the air flow meter being on. As a result, the circuit-opening relay stays on, allowing the fuel pump to continue operating.
Engine Stopped
When the engine stops, the measuring plate completely closes and the fuel pump switch is turned off. This cuts off the flow of current to the L2 coil of the circuit-opening relay. As a result, the circuit-opening relay goes off and the fuel pump stops operating.
Two Speed Fuel Pump Control
Large displacement engines require a higher volume of fuel during starting and heavy load conditions than small displacement engines. High capacity fuel pumps are used to meet the demand, but they produce more noise and consume more power. To overcome these
disadvantages and increase pump life, a two speed fuel pump control is used.
Atmospheric Modulated Pressure RegulatorThe atmospheric modulated pressure regulator modifies fuel pressure with changes in
atmospheric pressure. A hose is connected from the pressure regulator to the air intake hose
between the air filter and throttle plate. Spring pressure and atmospheric pressure keep the
fuel pressure at a constant value, 226-265 kPa (38-44 psi). As air pressure changes, such as
climbing from low to high altitude, fuel rail pressure decreases because there is less force on
the diaphragm
High Temperature (Pressure Up) Fuel Pressure ControlSome engines are equipped with a high temperature fuel pressure control to prevent vapor lock for easier starting and better driveability. A three way VSV is connected to the fuel pressure
regulator vacuum line. Under normal conditions, the VSV is off and engine vacuum regulates the pressure regulator. If the engine is started when the coolant temperature is 85'C (185'F) or higher and the intake air temperature is above predetermined level, the ECM will turn on the VSV. Engine vacuum is closed off and atmospheric pressure is applied to the pressure
regulator diaphragm. This increases fuel pressure preventing vapor lock. Once the engine is started, the VSV may remain on for about 120 seconds.
Fuel FiltersTypically, there are two fuel filters in the fuel delivery system. The first filter is the fuel pump filter located on the suction side of the fuel pump. This filter prevents debris from damaging the fuel pump. The second filter, located between the pump and fuel rail, removes dirt and
contaminates from the fuel before it is delivered to the injectors. This filter removes extremely small particles from the fuel, the injectors require extremely clean fuel.
The filter may be located in the fuel tank as part of the fuel pump assembly or outside the tank in the fuel line leading to the fuel rail. The filter is designed to be maintenance-free with no required service replacement
Pulsation DamperThe rapid opening and closing of the fuel injectors cause pressure fluctuations in the fuel rail. The result is that the amount of injected fuel will be more or less than the desired amount.
Mounted on the fuel rail, the pulsation damper reduces these pressure fluctuations. When pressure suddenly begins to increase the spring loaded diaphragm retracts slightly increasing fuel rail volume. This will momentarily prevent fuel pressure from becoming too high. When pressure suddenly begins to drop, the spring loaded diaphragm extends, slightly decreasing effective fuel rail volume. This will momentarily prevent fuel pressure from becoming too low. Not all engines require the use of a pulsation damper.
The screw mounted at the top of the damper provides an easy check for fuel system pressure.
When the screw is up it means the fuel rail is pressurized. Under most conditions, this check is adequate. The screw is nonadjustable and it is used to calibrate the damper at the factory.
Fuel Injection Operation
The fuel injector, when turned on by the ECM, atomizes and directs fuel into the intake manifold.
Fuel Injectors
There is one injector per cylinder mounted in the intake manifold before the intake valve(s). The
injectors are installed with an insulator/seal on the manifold end to insulate the injector from
heat and prevent atmospheric pressure from leaking into the manifold. The fuel delivery pipe
secures the injector. An O-ring between the delivery pipe and injector prevents the fuel from
leaking.
Different engines require different injectors. Injectors designed to pass a specified amount of fuel when opened. In addition, the number of holes at the tip of the injector varies with engines and model years. When replacing an injector it is critical that the correct injector be use.
